For the world`s poorest developing countries, the Bank`s aid plans are based on poverty reduction strategies; By combining a representative sample of local groups with a comprehensive analysis of the country`s financial and economic situation, the World Bank develops a strategy that relates exclusively to the country in question. The government then identifies the country`s poverty reduction priorities and goals, and the World Bank directs its relief efforts accordingly. Forty-five countries have pledged $25.1 billion in “aid to the world`s poorest countries,” aid that goes to the World Bank`s International Development Organization (IDA), which distributes the loans to 80 poorer countries. Eventually, free trade agreements between countries were approved under GATT, which opened the door to the 1989 Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), among other things. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) regulates international trade in goods. The operation of the GATT Agreement is the responsibility of the Council for Trade in Goods (Council for Goods), which is composed of representatives of all WTO Member States. The current president is. With the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, the EEC was renamed the European Community (EC) to reflect the fact that it covered a wider range of policy areas. At that time, the three European Communities, including the EC, were jointly the first of the three pillars of the European Union (EU), which was also established by the Treaty.

The EC existed in this form until it was abolished by the 2009 Lisbon Treaty, which brought together the previous pillars of the EU and provided that the EU would “replace and succeed the European Community. The main objective of the EEC, as stated in its preamble, was “to preserve peace and freedom and to lay the foundations for an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe”. Balanced economic growth should be satisfied by: the prosperity of the world economy over the past half century owes much to the growth of world trade, which in turn is partly the result of far-sighted officials who created GATT. They established a set of procedures to bring stability to the business environment, thus facilitating the rapid growth of global trade. In the long term, the original GATT conferences have helped to put the global economy on a solid footing, improving the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people around the world. The IMF works to promote international economic cooperation, international trade, employment, and exchange rate stability. The stated objectives of the Organization are to promote international economic cooperation, international trade, employment and exchange rate stability, including by providing financial resources to member countries to meet balance of payments needs. IMF members have access to information on the economic policies of all members, the ability to influence the economic policies of other members, technical assistance in banking, taxation, and foreign exchange, financial support in times of financial difficulty, and increased trade and investment opportunities. Voting rights at the IMF are based on a quota system. Each member has a certain number of “basic votes” (the number of basic votes of each member is equal to 5.502% of the total votes), plus one additional vote for each special drawing right (SDR) of 100,000 of a member country`s quota. The Special Drawing Right is the IMF`s unit of account and represents a right to the currency. It is based on a basket of major international currencies.

Basic votes create a slight bias in favor of small countries, but additional votes determined by SDRs outweigh this bias. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was the first multilateral free trade agreement. It first entered into force in 1948 as an agreement between 23 countries and remained in force until 1995, when its membership grew to 128 countries. It has been replaced by the World Trade Organization. Browse or download the text of the “Multilateral Agreement on Trade in Goods” from the Legal Text Portal The sixth round of GATT multilateral trade negotiations, which took place from 1964 to 1967. It was named after U.S. President John F. Kennedy in recognition of his support for the reformulation of the U.S. trade agenda that led to the Trade Expansion Act of 1962.

This law gave the president the broadest bargaining power ever. Ultimately, this resulted in an average reduction of 35% in tariffs, with the exception of textiles, chemicals, steel and other sensitive products; plus a 15% to 18% reduction in tariffs on agricultural and food products. In addition, the negotiations on chemicals resulted in a provisional agreement on the abolition of the US selling price (PPP). It was a method of valuation of certain chemicals used by those States for the introduction of import duties, which offered domestic producers a much higher level of protection than indicated in the tariff regime. Reduction of tariffs and introduction of new rules to control the spread of non-tariff barriers and voluntary export restrictions. 102 countries participated in the round. Concessions were made on trade worth $19 billion. APEC is a forum for 21 Pacific countries that aims to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific region. This series of meetings and tariff reductions would continue, thus adding new GATT provisions.

The average tariff rate rose from about 22% when the GATT was signed in Geneva in 1947 to about 5% at the end of the 1993 Uruguay Round, which also negotiated the creation of the WTO. A common market is the first step towards a single market and may initially be limited to a free trade area. One of the most important achievements of GATT has been trade without discrimination. Each signatory member of gatt should be treated as equivalent to any other. This is called the most-favoured-nation principle and it has been adopted in the WTO. In practice, it follows that once a country has negotiated a tariff reduction with other countries (usually its main trading partners), the same reduction automatically applies to all GATT signatories. There were fallback clauses that allowed countries to negotiate exemptions if their domestic producers were particularly harmed by tariff reductions. In addition to facilitating applied tariff reductions, early GATT contributions to trade liberalization include “the immobilization of negotiated tariff reductions for a longer period (which became more permanent in 1955), the definition of the universality of non-discrimination through most-favoured-nation (most-favoured-nation) treatment, and national treatment status; Ensure greater transparency of trade policies and create a forum for future negotiations and for the peaceful settlement of bilateral disputes. All these elements have contributed to the rationalization of trade policy and the elimination of trade barriers and political uncertainty. [4] Another outcome of the Kennedy Round was the adoption of an anti-dumping code containing more detailed guidelines for the implementation of Article VI of the GATT. In particular, it called for prompt and fair investigations and imposed limits on the retroactive application of anti-dumping measures. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a legal agreement between many countries whose primary objective was to promote international trade by removing or removing barriers to trade such as tariffs or quotas. According to its preamble, its purpose was to “significantly reduce tariffs and other barriers to trade and eliminate preferences based on reciprocity and the mutually beneficial principle”.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a multilateral agreement governing international trade. IMF conditionality is a set of policies or “conditions” that the IMF needs in exchange for financial resources. The IMF does not require country guarantees for loans, but requires the government to seek help to correct its macroeconomic imbalances in the form of policy reforms. If the conditions are not met, the funds will be withheld. Conditionality is the most controversial aspect of IMF policy. These credit conditions ensure that the borrowing country will be able to repay the fund and that it will not try to solve its balance of payments problems in a way that would have a negative impact on the international economy. The incentive problem of moral hazard, i.e. the actions of economic operators who maximise their own advantages to the detriment of others if they do not bear all the consequences of their actions, is mitigated by conditions and not by the provision of guarantees; Countries that need IMF loans usually don`t have guarantees of international value anyway. .